13、Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
理论在本质上是一个被构想成现实的抽象和符号性象征的表达。
主句:a theory is an abstract
主句主语:a theory
主句系动词:is
主句表语:an abstract ,symbolic representation
What引导的定语从句,修饰abstract 和representation :what is conceived to be reality.
从句谓语:is conceived 一般现在时的被动语态
从句宾语:to be reality
symbolic 作定语修饰representation 意为“符号表示”
to be reality介词短语做宾语,意为“成现实”
14、Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前 很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
分析:前半句
主语:children
系动词:are
表语:able
状语:to speak or understand a language
Be able to:“能够;(因具有品质或技能)能做到…的;(因有足够的自由、权力、时间、财力等而)可以…的”
例:doubt they'll be able to help but it's worth a try.
我不敢肯定他们能够帮得上忙,但不妨试一试。
后半句:
主语:they
谓语:communicate
宾语:through facial expressions and by making noises
Through和by都是介词,表示“通过”
介词by后用动名词形式,making 表示“制造噪音”
相关语法:Be able to 和 can的不同点:
1、can只有两种时态, 即can 和could, 而be able to 有多种时态, 如was/were able to, will/shall be able to, have/has been able to等例:I’ll be able to drive the car in a week.我一周内就能开车了。
He couldn't answer the question.他没有能回答那个问题。
2、表示过去通过努力终于做成了某事要用be able to,而不能用can。
例:I was able to swim to the bank after the boat turned over.船翻了之后,我才游到岸边。
3、can能表猜测,be able to不能。can的这种用法主要用于疑问句和否定句。
例:Somebody is knocking at the door. Who can it be?有人在敲门。会是谁呢?
It can’t be our teacher who is knocking at the door.不可能是我们的老师在敲门。
4、can 可以表 “允许”, 与may可以互换, 此时不能用be able to 代替。例:“Can / May I sit here?”“Yes, please.”
5、can 是情态动词,只能用作谓语成分,be able to是普通动词短语,既可以作谓语,也可以作非谓语。
例:Being able to speak English fluently, he has no difficulty in communicating with the Americans at the party.
他英语说得很流利,在聚会上与美国人交流没有困难。How I long to be able to communicate with the foreigners in fluent English!我多么渴望能用流利的英语与外国人交流啊!
6、be able to 后边接动词不定式表示一种实际情况时,其否定形式不是be not able to,而是cannot。例:Were you able to catch the first bus yesterday morning?No, I couldn’t.你昨天早上能赶上头班车吗?
7、 一般说来, be able to 后边的动词不定式没有被动语态。例:I’m sure he is able to correct his mistakes in grammar.我相信他能改正语法错误。
错误: I’m sure his mistakes are able to be corrected by him.
Be able to 和 can的相同点:
can 和be able to 都可以表示能力.can泛指一般的能力,而且只有两种形式,即:can, could.
be able to 则主要指具体做到了某件事的能力,其形式主要是靠be 发生变化,所以形式比can 多.
可以说:I can swim. I am able to swim.
但是不能说:All the people could escape from the big fire in time.
只能说:All the people were able to escape from the fire in time.